Benefits of IFRS Essay Essay Example

Benefits of IFRS Essay Paper IFRS will enable US bank to vie globally ; more than one 100 states in the universe are already utilizing IFRS. This is because more than 60 per centum of investors in US operate foreign stocks with foreign Bankss and other companies which use IFRS. Therefore. if US bank fail to exchange to IFRS. transparence and comparison will cut down for US issuers and investors ( Silver. 2009 ) . Furthermore. US exchanges such as the NYSE have been bit by bit losing their place as the topographic point where worldwide companies list their portions. This being the instance. the US bank has been affected since foreign investors now prefer puting their wealth in other Bankss where the accounting criterions are non as strict is in the US. To avoid losing investing chances and dawdling behind the current developments in the field of accounting. US bank does hold to exchange to IFRS. Comparing the one-year study of Rabobank with that of Wells Fargo bank shows how IFRS reduces fiscal describing into smaller and less complicated paperss. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of IFRS Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of IFRS Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of IFRS Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The 2009 one-year study of Rabobank were complied in a 61 ( Rabobank. 2010 ) pages document while that of Wells Fargo were documented in 196 pages ( Wells Fargo. 2010 ) . This implies that IFRS summarizes fiscal describing more than thrice of the GAAP accounting criterions. It is besides apparent from the one-year studies of the two Bankss that IFRS provides more comprehensive historical information sing the public presentation of the bank over the past five old ages ( the instance of Rabobank ) while GAAP merely gives the present and old year’s figures. This makes IFRS more effectual since the stakeholders. direction and investors can be able to track the fiscal place of the bank at a glimpse so that which is really of import for future palming ( IASCF. 2009 ) . Adopting IFRS will do coverage for most Bankss in US easier since it will cut down the complexnesss of comparing fiscal statements from different subordinates across the Earth. It will besides ease internal consistence and streamline all operations. scrutinizing. coverage criterions. preparation and company criterions ( Articles Base. 2009 ) . For case. Rabobank applies IFRS on its fiscal coverage. This has greatly improved the efficiency of the bank since it operates in more than 40 states around the universe. Following the bank’s one-year studies since 2004. the entire net net income calculated utilizing IFRS was higher by 15 million Euros as compared to the same when calculated with GAAP ( Rabobank Nederland. 2005 ) . This difference was majorly due to the benefits of reclassifications of involvement income under IFRS. This is because under the IFRS accounting criterions. several involvements are no longer consolidated and this consequences to lesser third-party involvements ( Rabobank Nederland. 2005 ) Disincentives of following IFRS IFRS accounting criterions are less elaborate as compared to GAAP ; GAAP is more complex and based on regulations while IFRS is based on rules. Adoption of IFRS will cut down the quality of fiscal coverage because most of the regulations applied for GAAP have been let-out in IFRS—while IFRS principles fit in a individual two-inch thick book. GAAP criterions tantrum in a nine-inch midst book—this indicates that the inside informations and describing demands of IFRS are fewer and compressed ( IASCF. 2009 ) . Adoption of IFRS implies that Bankss will incur extra costs: developing staff on IFRS criterions and besides initial transition costs which will be paid to advisers and hearers ( Articles Base. 2009 ) . Sing the format of the one-year studies of the two Bankss. it is apparent that IFRS eliminates many points from the one-year study and presents merely the amalgamate fiscal place of the bank. Information eliminated from Rabobank’s 2009 fiscal studies include the vision. mission and ends of the organisation. fiscal reappraisals. the study from independent registered public accounting house and studies on stock public presentations ; nevertheless this information is provided in Wells Fargo 2009 one-year study.

The U.S. And Great Britain Special Relationship

The U.S. And Great Britain Special Relationship The rock-solid relationship between the United States and Great Britain that President Barack Obama described during his March 2012 meetings with British Prime Minister David Cameron was, in part, forged in the fires of World Wars I and II. Despite fervent wishes to remain neutral in both conflicts, the U.S. allied with Great Britain both times. World War I World War I erupted in August 1914, the result of long-standing European imperial grievances and arms races. The United States sought neutrality in the war, having just experienced its own brush with imperialism that included the Spanish-American War, 1898, (of which Great Britain approved), and the disastrous Filipino Insurrection that soured Americans on further foreign entanglements. Nevertheless, the United States expected neutral trade rights; that is, it wanted to trade with belligerents on both sides of the war, including Great Britain and Germany. Both of those countries opposed the American policy, but while Great Britain would stop and board U.S. ships suspected of carrying goods to Germany, German submarines took the more dire action of sinking American merchant ships. After 128 Americans died when a German U-Boat sank the British luxury liner Lusitania (surreptitiously hauling weapons in its hold), U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan successfully got Germany to agree to a policy of restricted submarine warfare. Incredibly, that meant a sub had to signal a targeted ship that it was about to torpedo it so that personnel could debark the vessel. In early 1917, however, Germany renounced restricted sub warfare and returned to unrestricted sub warfare. By now, American merchants were showing an unabashed bias toward Great Britain, and the British rightly feared renewed German sub attacks would cripple their trans-Atlantic supply lines. Great Britain actively courted the United States- with its manpower and industrial might- to enter the war as an ally. When British intelligence intercepted a telegram from Germanys Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico encouraging Mexico to ally with Germany and create a diversionary war on Americas southwestern border, they quickly notified Americans. The Zimmerman Telegram was genuine, although at first glance it seems like something British propagandists might fabricate to get the U.S. in the war. The telegram, combined with Germanys unrestricted sub warfare, was the tipping point for the United States. It declared war on Germany in April 1917. The U.S. enacted a Selective Service Act, and by Spring 1918 had enough soldiers in France to help England and France turn back a massive German offensive. In Fall 1918, under the command of General John J. Blackjack Pershing, American troops flanked the German lines while British and French troops held the German front in place. The Meuse-Argonne Offensive forced Germany to surrender. Treaty of Versailles Compared to France, Great Britain and the United States took moderate stances at the post-war treaty talks in Versailles, France. France, having survived two German invasions in the last 50 years, wanted severe punishments for Germany, including the signing of a war guilt clause and the payment of onerous reparations. The U.S. and Britain were not so adamant about the reparations, and the U.S. loaned money to Germany in the 1920s to help with its debt. However, the U.S. and Great Britain did not agree on everything. President Wilson forwarded his optimistic Fourteen Points as a blueprint for post-war Europe. The plan included an end to imperialism and secret treaties; national self-determination for all countries; and a global organization- the League of Nations- to mediate disputes. Great Britain could not accept Wilsons anti-imperialist aims, but it did accept the League, which Americans- fearing more international involvement- did not. Washington Naval Conference In 1921 and 1922, the U.S. and Great Britain sponsored the first of several naval conferences designed to give them dominance in total tonnage of battleships. The conference also sought to limit a Japanese naval buildup. The conference resulted in a ratio of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75. For every five tons the U.S. and British had in battleship displacement, Japan could have only three tons, and France and Italy could each have 1.75 tons. The agreement fell apart in the 1930s when militaristic Japan and fascist Italy disregarded it, even though Great Britain tried to extend the pact. World War II When England and France declared war on Germany after its invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, the United States again tried to remain neutral. When Germany defeated France, then attacked England in the summer of 1940, the resulting Battle of Britain shook the United States out of its isolationism. The United States began a military draft and started building new military equipment. It also began arming merchant ships to carry goods through the hostile North Atlantic to England (a practice it had abandoned with the policy of Cash and Carry in 1937); traded World War I-era naval destroyers to England in exchange for naval bases, and began the Lend-Lease program. Through Lend-Lease the United States became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the arsenal of democracy, making and supplying materiel of war to Great Britain and others fighting Axis powers. During World War II, Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill held several personal conferences. They met first off the coast of Newfoundland aboard a navy destroyer in August 1941. There they issued the Atlantic Charter, an agreement in which they outlined the goals of the war. Of course, the U.S. was not officially in the war, but tacitly FDR pledged to do all he could for England short of formal war. When the U.S. officially joined the war after Japan attacked its Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Churchill went to Washington where he spent the holiday season. He talked strategy with FDR in the Arcadia Conference, and he addressed a joint session of the U.S. Congress- a rare event for a foreign diplomat. During the war, FDR and Churchill met at the Casablanca Conference in North Africa in early 1943 where they announced the Allied policy of unconditional surrender of Axis forces. In 1944 they met at Tehran, Iran, with Josef Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union. There they discussed war strategy and the opening of a second military front in France. In January 1945, with the war winding down, they met at Yalta on the Black Sea where, again with Stalin, they talked about post-war policies and the creation of the United Nations. During the war, the U.S. and Great Britain cooperated in the invasions of North Africa, Sicily, Italy, France and Germany, and several islands and naval campaigns in the Pacific. At the wars end, as per an agreement at Yalta, the United States and Britain split the occupation of Germany with France and the Soviet Union. Throughout the war, Great Britain acknowledged that the United States had surpassed it as the worlds top power by accepting a command hierarchy that put Americans in supreme command positions in all major theaters of the war.

European colonialism is often depicted as a force of greed that Essay

European colonialism is often depicted as a force of greed that exploited the African people for financial gain however, one cou - Essay Example Europeans used guns and bombs. This was described as spiritual or religious war, as the Africans hoped for immunity from the bullets, offered to them by their gods. However, the evils of the war have been discussed over and over, with little focus on the benefits the war had on Africans and the Europeans. This paper seeks to find out the benefits of the war to both Africans and Europeans, especially through moral changes. As earlier noted, Africans used bows and arrows, swords and shields to wage their war against the American soldiers. However, during the progressive days of the war, they adopted the Europeans style of fighting, and embraced the use of guns and bullets. Although these arms were not legally acquired as the African militants staged ambush on the American army and stole away their guns and ammunition, they helped improve their fight against the American soldiers significantly. The realization that their forms of fighting could not be comparable to that of the Americans quashed their naivety and they started embracing the importance of modernized forms of fighting. To this modern day, the Africans import guns and ammunition for war and internal security. The African disorganized form of fighting always gave advantage to the Europeans soldiers. They did have any form of training in fighting skills. This made the European army to have an advantage over the Africans. With time, they learnt the art of organized fight which greatly improved in their fighting tactics. At times they surprise that Americans soldiers and won in a number of battles. Most of the African and European gains from colonization were long term. Various changes were experienced by Africans, but also enjoyed by the Europeans. Effects of colonialism are felt in the African continent even to this day, years after the rule ended and the continent became independent. The Europeans gained economically through the raw materials that they acquired from Africa. The Europeans borrowed the sh ield used by the Africans in the war to form a basis for a number of games played by the Europeans. Some of the African games were adopted by the Europeans with minimal changes to suit the European children. Other games played by the European children based their ideas from the African games. Although most of the Africans consider the colonial rule to have been bad, evidence shows that they benefited handsomely from the rule. Some countries that were not been colonized when they lagged behind other countries that had undergone the colonial rule, they attributed this to the lack of the colonial rule in their country. An example is Ethiopia, a country that was not colonized by and foreign power. Emperor Haile Selassie declared that at one time, the county was too poor because it had not experienced the colonial rule like its African counterparts. For example, most of the Africans before the colonial era were culturists. They did not have a formal religion and mostly thought that their gods lived in the forests, in caves or in the mountains. However, with colonization, Europeans brought religion to the Africans. They taught them the values of Christianity and the importance of the bible. The Europeans introduced Christianity to the Africans, and thus changed their way of life and understanding of Christianity. Many at times, the Africans would offer rituals and sacrifices to their gods, but when the Europeans

Swimming Pool Chemistry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Swimming Pool Chemistry - Term Paper Example To be more specific, the regular use to which swimming pools are put requires that they be cleaned on a regular basis. Exposed as they are, and frequented by a lot of people, swimming pools are places that are especially prone to infection if neglected. This paper, then, is intended as an explanation of the various measures taken by operators of swimming pools as to how to keep their waters safe, as well as how the public can do their part. The Importance of Swimming Pool Sanitation As detailed in a report by the World Health Organization (2006), swimming pools are vulnerable to pollutants such as bird droppings or even the rain. And while indoor pools are much safer, even they need to be cleaned at least once in a while just to be absolutely sure. Either way, as noted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009), pathological contaminants often abound in swimming pools, which can cause a myriad of conditions such as diarrhea. A pool that is cleaned regularly is in effect guaranteed to be safe for the public to enjoy – guaranteed safe for them to swim in. ...In the words of the Division for Environmental Health (2011), the only way to maintain safe and consistent swimming pool operation is through proper water chemistry. The exact process involved is often rather varied, not only in the chemicals that may be used but also in the methods employed. For one thing, disinfectants may be used to rid the water of harmful, objectionable or otherwise unwanted microorganisms. Alkalinity and pH adjusters may also be used to ensure that the pool’s pH and acidity levels remain stable, while algaecide and filter aids respectively kill any algae and prevent foreign material from spreading in the water. Swim King’s (2011) official website also tells us that the balance between these chemicals needs to be just right so as to keep the water free of any unwanted ‘lurkers’, yet still be safe for those of us who feel like taking a swim. For instance, free chlorine residual refers to the amount of chlorine which has yet to react with any other substance in the water besides the water itself, and should ideally be anywhere between 1-3 ppm. Secondly, combined chlorine refers to chlorine that fits the opposite description – that is to say, it has already reacted with a foreign substance. This kind of chlorine is no longer a help to the disinfection process, and indeed, only acts as an irritant. And finally, total chlorine residual is the sum of these two variants of chlorine. Besides chlorine, bromine can also be used to fulfill the function of disinfection. In fact, whereas the former is more prevalent in swimming pools (Sweazy, 2001), it is the latter that is the preferred substance among owners of spas and hot tubs (Wilson, 2002).

One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One - Essay Example The Government of Metropoliland continues with its controversial laws by raising taxes for non-alcoholic performance drinks that are not produced, following the country’s traditional method of production, regardless of the country of origin, or the final product’s composition. The Trips agreement with necessary circumspection and discretion does allow for valid use by Third Parties, as compulsory License or government use, without the consent of the patent owner in certain circumstances. Generally speaking, the main criteria could be in terms of voluntary licence on practical marketable specifications and that the compensation paid to the right holder shall be sufficient in such situation, taking into account the fiscal value of the licence held. The Agreement recognizes right of Members to take measures, consistent with its provisions against anti-competitive practices and provides more flexible conditions for the grant of compulsory licences, where a practice has been determined, after due process of law, to be anti-competitive. Trips: Drug Patents, Technical Note: Pharmaceutical patents and the TRIPS Agreement. (2006). According to provisions of World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement 1995, member countries should not discriminate between domestic and foreign producers during course of trading. Thus all member countries should be provided equal status to domestic, or foreign trading partners or in other words practice favoured country treatment. (FCT) Metropoliland has sought domestic protection for its indigenous producers, initiated process of bureaucracy and retarded trade promotional efforts by adopting a protectionist policy towards its domestic growers, at the expense of competitive importers. This is against both the letter and spirit of various agreements that govern international trade, affecting potential trade between signatories to such agreements, including State of Metropoliland. If all member countries adopt a similar

What Is The Relationship Between Geography And Relations Cultural Studies Essay

What Is The Relationship Between Geography And Relations Cultural Studies Essay To answer a question like the proposed one, it is necessary first to follow some steps that can guide us into the correct line to obtain the best response which not only will give the exactly solution to the problem but also it will let one fulfill the necessity of know and comprehend the context of the entire situation. Saying this, it is essential to know how the international relations work and what are they about, and off course it is needed to recognize the definition of geography to be able to create some bases for give a correct response and to have the capacity to establish a connection between the two terms meaning and make a reflection of how they can coexist and be related with each other in the daily development of life. Although, we need to analyze each of the geography factors that have influenced the international system, why are they about and how they have change their importance according to the evolution of the actors during the time; so we can finally come with a complete solution to the question treated, taking into account all the information recollected. This solution will let us create some general and specific conclusions that may be useful to understand the conduct of this system and come with a new perspective of the worlds behavior in terms of the international relations and the geography that would permit us participate of it in an active and conscientiously way. The term of international relations, to begin, refers to: a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies(1). Analyzing this definition, there is the word international as a strong factor, that involves not only more actors with different cultures, aspects, needs, and behaves participating in the system, but also implies an expansion of territory where relations are not longer realized in the national borders from each state, yet it now refers that human interactions are done in the entire world. The definition also shows the importance of creating foreign policies which can be understood as the plans of states to follow at the time of interact internationally. No matter how different international contacts between states have been, (due to peoples mental conception of the world, and the existing differences between the actors that affects this humans interactions), they will be always present in the history, representing humankind natural necessity of interaction, and they will be always affected by the decisions and behaviors of the representatives in the international system. One example can be taken from the old ages, where the interests of some international actors as Cristobal Colà ³n, were discovering new lands and persons, to increase the territory of the king and to open new markets with the India. In here, territory represents Cristobal Colà ³n wants of recognizing the shape of the world and the general necessity of creating maps to be able to go through the land and expand territory, wealth, knowledge and so on. As we see, international relations can be a complex system that shows the interactions between the humans all around the world, but having a deeply view, it is possible to understand and see that those interactions work according to more specific aspects of the actors, which are also related to the external environment where they developed their cultures, believes, wants and methods to achieve all the goals that they have on mind. On the other hand the term of geography, refers to: The scientific study of the location and spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena on Earth (2). Since ancient times, humankind has always been interested in knowing the surrounding world and before we knew the world as it is today, we used to dream with distant treasures in other lands, including not only the mineral materials like gold or oil that have a big economic value nowadays, but also new landscapes with better grounds that let us harvest and build new villages, territories with a variety of climates and may be other persons with differences in their physical aspect, culture and life style from who to learn new techniques and to whom we could teach or even colonize. In other words, geographers are the ones who investigate the distribution of all of the resources in the earth and how nature has gave to some nations what other nations dont even know but that they will probably want a need. According to the geography branch, geographers have an especial field of study, for example, those who have the population as the base of study and are in charge of analyze physical differences between races, are called human geographers; those specialized in behaviors and believes are called cultural geographers, and finally those who search all the territory, its location in the map and the advantages and disadvantages of that location, are the physical geographers. As we have discussed before, international relations have been evolving according to the actors and some other factors that influenced them, including ideology, economic, politic, and geographical aspects. It is in this analysis where we can notice the relation between the two terms, and it permits us the establishment of a new definition that involves both terms. This definition would says that international relations are the connections and interactions established by humans all around the world, whose acts are defined according to their personal culture, raze and territory characteristics. Therefore sometimes the relations become difficult when the differences between these aspects from each nation, shock among them. All this factors that influenced human actions are the field of study of geography. Starting with the analysis of the human branch, we see that there have been many differences between races on earth, for example black people in Africa have a strong physic which represents an advantage in doing hard jobs, or the natives in America with beautiful features and big knowledge of the nature. These varieties have influenced peoples behavior and thoughts of the worlds reality in each time. We can see as an example, that at the beginning, when the humankind felt the necessity of investigate and make an appropriation of the earth, international actors have interests on discovering new lands and learn from possible different cultures. They started traveling all around the world, arriving to new lands that were already inhabited by more developed cultures or at the opposite by cultures that, for being less developed, were also more vulnerable to being attacked and colonized, even when populations physical characteristics were as strong as the Africans. At this time, human thoughts were based on the growing, not only of the empires but also of their knowledge about the world were they lived; also the relations between nations were based on mutual recognition, acceptation and interaction. But after the discovery of new lands that were possibly richer in resources (human, cultural, physical), and because of humans natural ambition, the wishes of territorial expansion to increase wealth and power appeared on International relations field. Human interactions development changed from the ones that used to be, to a new scenario based on the pretenses of the statesmen in increasing their power, without caring about the means they had to use, like violent acquisition of human, mineral, and land resources taken from any place they wanted, even if there were established any other nation. In the cultural analysis, we can say that: All cultures change through time. No culture is static. However, most cultures are basically conservative in that they tend to resist change. Some resist more than others by enacting laws for the preservation and protection of traditional cultural patterns while putting up barriers to alien ideas and things. (3). Culture represents one of the biggest and more important aspects in international relations because of the strongest link existing between humans behavior and humans believes. Both aspects influence each other and make the other possible, therefore sometimes it is difficult to maintain some interactions between the representatives of different traditions, because even if the culture is somehow open for new changes, there will be always some kind of resistance to accept the external ideas that are different from their believes and ways of behave. In the history, cultures differences have represented not only difficulties to maintain commercial or diplomatic relations, but also the reasons given by some actors to initiate wars as the one in the Middle East with the well known problem land of promise, that hasnt been resolved and that also shows how different believes can influence the international relations scenario. Finally the physical aspect of geography refers to all of the specific resources inside any territory. Since the mental expansion of the actors, and their capacity of extend their physical territory occurred, territory has become one of the most relevant points to understand the international system, due to the fact that it has become the place where all the relations are done, therefore land appropriation has become the biggest want of the international actors to control all new interactions and increase their power and recognition among other states. Statesmen who have always looked for their benefits and profits in international interactions, understood that having richer territories with all kind of resources, and strategic locations, would let them achieve their personal goals, therefore all international policies in the different countries take in to account land and its characteristics to plan the nation behave in the international system. Therefore it is possible to see now that developed nations helped the developing ones to fulfill their necessity of power even if they dont say it in a direct way. To conclude, we have analyzed and proved that all human interactions are influenced somehow by some geographical aspects that are, were and will be always present in humankind evolution. Factors as the territory where we live, the culture that we have learned and our specific physical aspects, including behaves, are the ones that guide us in the international relations field. Therefore there is a big relationship between the two terms, and it is essential to study geography in the international system, to be able to be a conscientiously actor that participates actively in that big network, where all is connected.

Problems of Art, Problems of Education :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Problems of Art, Problems of Education ABSTRACT: Some main postmodern ideas, such as the decay of totality or the dispersion of the subject, are too risky to introduce into the education of youth. However, there are some postmodern ideas — though not central ones — that could prove helpful in contemporary education. The hero of this paper is the prefix "inter-" which (especially in the French philosophers' writings) took a new and remarkable meaning by becoming one of the main metaphors of the human condition in the world of culture. The meaning of the prefix "inter-" can be successfully taught by art, for works of art have always exemplified means of oscillating in the sphere of the "inter-" between the concrete and abstraction, detail and generality, freedom and rules, spontaneity and discipline, between Rorty's conception of the "ironist" and the "strong poet." "...the significance of art inevitably declines and nothing in the current circumstances of civilisation and culture shows that this process would be stopped." S. Morawski, On the Sense of the Newest Creativity "The crisis of education in its cultural dimension affects all of us. For we all were or will be connected with education, as pupils and students, parents and teachers. We all stand face to face with the question of its future when the problem how to grow into a human being in the surrounding world remains unsolved" K. Blusz, Education and Liberation 1. The crisis character of our Euro-American culture is so generally noticed that it needs no proofs. Among many different domains of human activity both the contemporary art and the theory of art are found in a hard situation; the marks of this plight are the more and more intensive questions about the end of art, anti-art, post-art on the one hand and about the post-aesthetics, anti-aesthetics and an-aesthtics on the other. In the theory of education we can find the same terminological symptoms which (like a rash) testify the same kind of impotence and illness — also here the discussion about the end of pedagogy in the contemporary culture goes (Ricardo Massa) and the predictions of the birth of the new post-pedagogical epoch are made (Hubertus von Schoenbeck). Shoud we, in such situation, following the past patterns like, for example, very valuable conception "education through art" (Herbert Read, Irena Wojnar), ask about the role of the post-art in the post-pedagogy? This way seems to be not especially fruitful.

Shared memory MIMD architecture

Introduction to MIMD Architectures:Multiple direction watercourse, multiple informations watercourse ( MIMD ) machines have a figure of processors that function asynchronously and independently. At any clip, different processors may be put to deathing different instructions on different pieces of informations. MIMD architectures may be used in a figure of application countries such as computer-aided design/computer-aided fabrication, simulation, mold, and as communicating switches. MIMD machines can be of either shared memory or distributed memory classs. These categorizations are based on how MIMD processors entree memory. Shared memory machines may be of the bus-based, drawn-out, or hierarchal type. Distributed memory machines may hold hypercube or mesh interconnectedness strategies.MIMDA type of multiprocessor architecture in which several direction rhythms may be active at any given clip, each independently taking instructions and operands into multiple treating units and runing on them in a coincident manner. Acronym for multiple-instruction-stream.multiple-data-stream.Bottom of Form( Multiple Instruction watercourse Multiple Data watercourse ) A computing machine that can treat two or more independent sets of instructions at the same time on two or more sets of informations. Computers with multiple CPUs or individual CPUs with double nucleuss are illustrations of MIMD architecture. Hyperthreading besides consequences in a certain grade of MIMD public presentation every bit good. Contrast with SIMD. In calculating, MIMD ( Multiple Instruction watercourse, Multiple Data watercourse ) is a technique employed to accomplish correspondence. Machines utilizing MIMD have a figure of processors that function asynchronously and independently. At any clip, different processors may be put to deathing different instructions on different pieces of informations. MIMD architectures may be used in a figure of application countries such as computer-aided design/computer-aided fabrication, simulation, mold, and as communicating switches. MIMD machines can be of either shared memory or distributed memory classs. These categorizations are based on how MIMD processors entree memory. Shared memory machines may be of the bus-based, drawn-out, or hierarchal type. Distributed memory machines may hold hypercube or mesh interconnectedness strategies.Multiple Instruction – Multiple DataMIMD architectures have multiple processors that each execute an independent watercourse ( sequence ) of machine in structions. The processors execute these instructions by utilizing any accessible informations instead than being forced to run upon a individual, shared informations watercourse. Hence, at any given clip, an MIMD system can be utilizing as many different direction watercourses and informations watercourses as there are processors. Although package processes put to deathing on MIMD architectures can be synchronized by go throughing informations among processors through an interconnectedness web, or by holding processors examine informations in a shared memory, the processors ‘ independent executing makes MIMD architectures asynchronous machines.Shared Memory: Bus-basedMIMD machines with shared memory have processors which portion a common, cardinal memory. In the simplest signifier, all processors are attached to a coach which connects them to memory. This apparatus is called bus-based shared memory. Bus-based machines may hold another coach that enables them to pass on straight with one another. This extra coach is used for synchronism among the processors. When utilizing bus-based shared memory MIMD machines, merely a little figure of processors can be supported. There is contention among the processors for entree to shared memory, so these machines are limited for this ground. These machines may be inc rementally expanded up to the point where there is excessively much contention on the coach.Shared Memory: ExtendedMIMD machines with extended shared memory effort to avoid or cut down the contention among processors for shared memory by subdividing the memory into a figure of independent memory units. These memory units are connected to the processsors by an interconnectedness web. The memory units are treated as a incorporate cardinal memory. One type of interconnectedness web for this type of architecture is a crossbar shift web. In this strategy, N processors are linked to M memory units which requires N times M switches. This is non an economically executable apparatus for linking a big figure of processors.Shared Memory: HierarchicalMIMD machines with hierarchal shared memory usage a hierarchy of coachs to give processors entree to each other ‘s memory. Processors on different boards may pass on through inter nodal coachs. Buss support communicating between boards. We us e this type of architecture, the machine may back up over a 1000 processors. In calculating, shared memory is memory that may be at the same time accessed by multiple plans with an purpose to supply communicating among them or avoid excess transcripts. Depending on context, plans may run on a individual processor or on multiple separate processors. Using memory for communicating inside a individual plan, for illustration among its multiple togss, is by and large non referred to as shared memoryIN HARDWAREIn computing machine hardware, shared memory refers to a ( typically ) big block of random entree memory that can be accessed by several different cardinal treating units ( CPUs ) in a multiple-processor computing machine system. A shared memory system is comparatively easy to plan since all processors portion a individual position of informations and the communicating between processors can be every bit fast as memory entrees to a same location. The issue with shared memory systems is that many CPUs need fast entree to memory and will probably hoard memory, which has two complications:CPU-to-memory connexion becomes a constriction. Shared memory computing machines can non scale really good. Most of them have ten or fewer processors.Cache coherency: Whenever one cache is updated with information that may be used by other processors, the alteration needs to be reflected to the other processors, otherwise the different processors will be working with incoherent informations ( see cache coherency and memory coherency ) . Such coherency protocols can, when they work good, supply highly high-performance entree to shared information between multiple processors. On the other manus they can sometimes go overladen and go a constriction to public presentation.The options to shared memory are distributed memory and distributed shared memory, each holding a similar set of issues. See besides Non-Uniform Memory Access.IN SOFTWARE:In compu ting machine package, shared memory is eitherA method of inter-process communicating ( IPC ) , i.e. a manner of interchanging informations between plans running at the same clip. One procedure will make an country in RAM which other procedures can entree, orA method of conserving memory infinite by directing entrees to what would normally be transcripts of a piece of informations to a individual case alternatively, by utilizing practical memory functions or with expressed support of the plan in inquiry. This is most frequently used for shared libraries and for Execute in Place.Shared Memory MIMD Architectures:The distinguishing characteristic of shared memory systems is that no affair how many memory blocks are used in them and how these memory blocks are connected to the processors and address infinites of these memory blocks are unified into a planetary reference infinite which is wholly seeable to all processors of the shared memory system. Publishing a certain memory reference b y any processor will entree the same memory block location. However, harmonizing to the physical organisation of the logically shared memory, two chief types of shared memory system could be distinguished: Physically shared memory systems Virtual ( or distributed ) shared memory systems In physically shared memory systems all memory blocks can be accessed uniformly by all processors. In distributed shared memory systems the memory blocks are physically distributed among the processors as local memory units. The three chief design issues in increasing the scalability of shared memory systems are:Organization of memoryDesign of interconnectedness websDesign of cache coherent protocolsCache Coherence:Cache memories are introduced into computing machines in order to convey informations closer to the processor and hence to cut down memory latency. Caches widely accepted and employed in uniprocessor systems. However, in multiprocessor machines where several processors require a transcript of the same memory block. The care of consistence among these transcripts raises the alleged cache coherency job which has three causes:Sharing of writable informationsProcedure migrationI/O activityFrom the point of position of cache coherency, informations constructions can be divided into three categories:Read-only informations constructions which ne'er cause any cache coherency job. They can be replicated and placed in any figure of cache memory blocks without any job.Shared writable informations constructions are the chief beginning of cache coherency jobs.Private writable informations constructions pose cache coherency jobs merely in the instance of procedure migration.There are several techniques to keep cache coherency for the critical instance, that is, shared writable informations constructions. The applied methods can be divided into two categories:hardware-based protocolssoftware-based protocolsSoftware-based strategies normally introduce some limitations on the cachability of informations in orde r to forestall cache coherency jobs.Hardware-based Protocols:Hardware-based protocols provide general solutions to the jobs of cache coherency without any limitations on the cachability of informations. The monetary value of this attack is that shared memory systems must be extended with sophisticated hardware mechanisms to back up cache coherency. Hardware-based protocols can be classified harmonizing to their memory update policy, cache coherency policy, and interconnectedness strategy. Two types of memory update policy are applied in multiprocessors: write-through and write-back. Cache coherency policy is divided into write-update policy and write-invalidate policy. Hardware-based protocols can be farther classified into three basic categories depending on the nature of the interconnectedness web applied in the shared memory system. If the web expeditiously supports broadcast medium, the alleged Snoopy cache protocol can be well exploited. This strategy is typically used in individual bus-based shared memory systems where consistence commands ( invalidate or update bids ) are broadcast via the coach and each cache ‘snoops ‘ on the coach for incoming consistence bids. Large interconnectedness webs like multistage webs can non back up airing expeditiously and hence a mechanism is needed that can straight frontward consistence bids to those caches that contain a transcript of the updated information construction. For this intent a directory must be maintained for each block of the shared memory to administrate the existent location of blocks in the possible caches. This attack is called the directory strategy. The 3rd attack attempts to avoid the application of the dearly-won directory strategy but still supply high scalability. It proposes multiple-bus webs with the application of hierarchal cache coherency protocols that are generalized or extended versions of the individual bus-based Snoopy cache protocol. In depicting a cache coherency protocol the undermentioned definitions must be given:Definition of possible provinces of blocks in caches, memories and directories.Definition of bids to be performed at assorted read/write hit/miss actions.Definition of province passages in caches, memories and directories harmonizing to the bids.Definition of transmittal paths of bids among processors, caches, memories and directories.Software-based Protocols:Although hardware-based protocols offer the fastest mechanism for keeping cache consistence, they introduce a important excess hardware complexness, peculiarly in scalable multiprocessors. Software-based attacks represent a good and competitory via media since they require about negligible hardware support and they can take to the same little figure of annulment girls as the hardware-based protocols. All the software-based protocols rely on compiler aid. The compiler analyses the plan and classifies the variables into four categories:Read-onlyRead-only for any figure of procedures and read-write for one procedureRead-write for one procedureRead-write for any figure of procedures.Read-only variables can be cached without limitations. Type 2 variables can be cached merely for the processor where the read-write procedure tallies. Since merely one procedure uses type 3 variables it is sufficient to hoard them merely for that procedure. Type 4 variables must non be cached in software-based strategies. Variables demonstrate different behaviour in different plan subdivisions and hence the plan is normally divided into subdivisions by the compiler and the variables are categorized independently in each subdivision. More than that, the compiler generates instructions that control the cache or entree the cache explicitly based on the categorization of variables and codification cleavage. Typically, at the terminal of each plan subdivision the caches must be invalidated to guarantee that the variables are in a consistent province before get downing a new subdivision. shared memory systems can be divided into four chief categories:Uniform Memory Access ( UMA ) Machines:Contemporary unvarying memory entree machines are small-size individual coach multiprocessors. Large UMA machines with 100s of processors and a shift web were typical in the early design of scalable shared memory systems. Celebrated representatives of that category of multiprocessors are the Denelcor HEP and the NYU Ultracomputer. They introduced many advanced characteristics in their design, some of which even today represent a important milepost in parallel computing machine architectures. However, these early systems do non incorporate either cache memory or local chief memory which turned out to be necessary to accomplish high public presentation in scalable shared memory systemsNon-Uniform Memory Access ( NUMA ) Machines:Non-uniform memory entree ( NUMA ) machines were designed to avoid the memory entree constriction of UMA machines. The logically shared memory is physically di stributed among the treating nodes of NUMA machines, taking to distributed shared memory architectures. On one manus these parallel computing machines became extremely scalable, but on the other manus they are really sensitive to data allotment in local memories. Accessing a local memory section of a node is much faster than accessing a distant memory section. Not by opportunity, the construction and design of these machines resemble in many ways that of distributed memory multicomputers. The chief difference is in the organisation of the address infinite. In multiprocessors, a planetary reference infinite is applied that is uniformly seeable from each processor ; that is, all processors can transparently entree all memory locations. In multicomputers, the reference infinite is replicated in the local memories of the processing elements. This difference in the address infinite of the memory is besides reflected at the package degree: distributed memory multicomputers are programmed on the footing of the message-passing paradigm, while NUMA machines are programmed on the footing of the planetary reference infinite ( shared memory ) rule. The job of cache coherence does non look in distributed memory multicomputers since the message-passing paradigm explicitly handles different transcripts of the same information construction in the signifier of independent messages. In the shard memory paradigm, multiple entrees to the same planetary information construction are possible and can be accelerated if local transcripts of the planetary information construction are maintained in local caches. However, the hardware-supported cache consistence strategies are non introduced into the NUMA machines. These systems can hoard read-only codification and informations, every bit good as local informations, but non shared modifiable informations. This is the separating characteristic between NUMA and CC-NUMA multiprocessors. Consequently, NUMA machines are nearer to multicomputers than to other shared memory multiprocessors, while CC-NUMA machines look like existent shared memory systems. In NUMA machines, like in multicomputers, the chief design issues are the organisation of processor nodes, the interconnectedness web, and the possible techniques to cut down distant memory entrees. Two illustrations of NUMA machines are the Hector and the Cray T3D multiprocessor.www.wikipedia.comhypertext transfer protocol: //www.developers.net/tsearch? searchkeys=MIMD+architecturehypertext transfer protocol: //carbon.cudenver.edu/~galaghba/mimd.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.docstoc.com/docs/2685241/Computer-Architecture-Introduction-to-MIMD-architectures

Requirements of legislation Essay

Explain how the requirements of legislation, codes of practice and agreed ways of working influence professional supervision. Legislation has leaded us to the point of view that supervision is the requirement for all staff: 1) National Minimum Standards – Supplying good practice of supervision is a mandatory requirement set by National Minimum Standards in UK– covering all criteria and aspects of practice (for example policy and procedures; job descriptions and keeping a balance between outcomes for organisation and the development of the staff), career development needs – (for instance professional training), ensuring that staff gets support from supervisors in the area where they are not coping well. In my setting the staff is supported for acquiring continuous professional development courses offered on-line by the HighScope Research Foundation, time is set for in-house CPD sessions by supervisors. One- to one sessions are held by the supervisor to identify the gaps and allocate the distribution of CPD. Staff is given clear guide lines on safe guarding and other policies, procedures and the job descriptions, realistic outcomes are set for the nursery by supervision, keeping in view the current level of development of the staff. 2) Revised EYFS Welfare requirements — In our practices this has lead to staff being advised to report to any inappropriate behavior of other staff leading to abuse and neglecting of children in the setting and the supervisors maintain absolute confidentiality of such matters Use of mobile phone is prohibited. Staff is not allowed to take pictures of children from their mobile phones. Alternatively sharing pictures on social media websites is strictly prohibited Staff is encouraged to take on CPD – 100% financial aid is provided to take online HighScope courses, once the gaps are identified by talking through the supervisor. 3) CWDC resources – performance management and dynamic and enabling supervisory relationship – This has provided a supervision tool, where quality and service standards are met at the same time retaining the staff. In my setting staff is encouraged to take new skills and knowledge and implement them. They take balanced and calculated risks and experience their new learning in action, without the supervisors taking control of their activities and blaming them for unexpected outcomes. Eventually this leads to success in outcomes. High quality care services are provided with new skills, development of integrated working is supported along with CPD. Bibliography: Book: Jane Cook, (2013) Leadership and Management is Early Years, Practical Pre-School Books Website: www.makingthedifference.com.au/†¦/professional-supervision https://www.childwelfare.gov/management/mgmt_supervision/performance/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator

legalizing Gay Marriages essays

legalizing Gay Marriages essays A little girl dreams of her wedding day from the first day of kindergarten. She imagines a beautiful white gown, a traditional religious ceremony, and a Hawaiian honeymoon. She envisions a long, happy marriage, a large family, and separation from her partner only at death. Unfortunately, today, this fantasy seldom becomes reality. Despite her desire to find someone whom she will love enough to pledge lifelong fidelity to, the law deems it inadequate. The reality of the situation is that the laws of every single state in America prohibit a fully legal marriage among the gay and lesbian community. The commitment and love that two same-sex partners may have for each other can not be formally expressed in marital ceremony simply because of their sexual orientation. The little girls dreams are shattered because her idea of a happy marriage happens to include a relationship with a partner of the same sex. Marriage has traditionally been defined as the union of one man and one woma n as husband and wife. This tradition must be substituted because gays and lesbians are people who happen to love others of the same gender and have the same needs for intimacy, comfort, and stability as the rest of the population. Marriage has been a central institution in so many peoples lives because it forms such an integral part of our own self-understanding. If we alter this traditional institution, we will welcome a controversial debate that affects the sensitive areas of family, sexual morality, and social justice. We must understand that marriage itself has already been through an arduous cycle of changes, and these changes must continue until it fully transforms into an institution suitable for all people. On the path to further marriages natural evolution, we must entitle gays and lesbians the inherent rights of marriage in order to promote equality among all individuals. Gays and lesbians desire to streng...

Nutrition discussion question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nutrition discussion question - Essay Example Although antacids offer short-term solution, questions have been raised over the long-term effects of using antacids. Homemade remedies for heartburns include taking burned ash. Wood ash is basic and hence neutralizes the acidity in the stomach. The homemade remedy may not be a viable replacement for commercial antacids since the base content cannot be established. Constipation is a digestive condition in which, free and smooth bowel movement is inhibited. Constipation is caused by among other causes, type of food and eating habits and malfunctioned digestive system. Some of the commercially available relief remedies include laxatives such as milk of magnesia. It is claimed, â€Å"The major stimulant laxatives are diphenylmethane derivatives and anthraquinones† (Hemorroids.com, 2011, p. 1). Whereas laxatives are used as a remedy for constipation, continued use is not advised. Home remedies for constipation include taking a lot of water, and roughages as well as doing exercise. Homemade remedies are better since they have no long-term side

Quantitative Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Market - Research Paper Example From an earlier interview with a small sample of customers, the same reasons were identified as possible causes for the decline in turnover (Kothari, 2008). Design Question, Aim and Objectives Due to the declining returns for Films 4 You the current study aims at finding the exact cause of the problem to provide the management with a platform from which they can address the problem. In the last 24 months, the company has witnessed a drastic decline in its return. This has resulted into a considerable concern among the stakeholders. The research design seeks to address the question of how to identify the actual cause of the decline from the two possible causes already identified. The objectives of the design are: a) To ascertain whether Films 4 you products do not match customer expectations b) to determine whether the decline in Films 4 You`s turnover arises from the fact that the competitors are attracting film 4 You customers. ... It will indicate the cause of the declining returns arising from the survey of the sample population. The design is likely to point to the failure in strategic management. a) Methodology Research Methods and Techniques Method is described as a systematic and sequentially organized approach, which is focused on data analysis in order to ensure that necessary information is generated from the data collected. The four main types of methods available to researchers include: Explicatory, Case-study, Survey, and Experimental Methods1. An experimental method is the main empirical method that would be considered in the course of this study. Research techniques are different though. They are â€Å"step-by-step procedures which you can follow in order to gather data, and analyze them for the information they contain†1. Such data may be gathered through qualitative or quantitative methods or from primary and secondary data depending on the research approach. This study will use quantitat ive research technique. Quantitative research methods were initially developed for use in natural sciences although they are now adopted and accepted for social sciences as well. They are research methods associated with number and any measurable thing, presenting the researcher with various numbers, which are presented in graphical forms, tabulations and statistics. Regression analysis will be used to analyze the relationship between the declines in Film 4 You returns against the two other variables that are: the quality of the products of the company measured in terms of meeting the customers` expectations and online rental DVD competitors winning away Film 4 You customers. Regression analysis is a statistical tool that can be employed to investigate the